Teaching Journalism & Mass Communication
Teaching Specific Subjects Journals 8 issues, 85 articles
Peer-reviewed publications on Questia are publications containing articles which were subject to evaluation for accuracy and substance by professional peers of the article's author(s).
Articles
Vol. 9, No. 2, 2019
Redefining Doctoral Education: Preparing Future Faculty to Lead Emerging Media Curriculum
Read preview
Overview
IntroductionDoctoral education is the cornerstone of academic life. It not only prepares future faculty for a career in scholarship in its respective disciplines, but it generally serves as the training mechanism for those who will teach. "Research is...
Factors in Leadership Development for Communication Students in Co-Curricular Organizations
Read preview
Overview
IntroductionFrom as early as elementary school age, developing leaders is a common slogan and part of many academic mission statements. Throughout middle school and high school, students are often told they will be tomorrow's problem solvers, decision...
Virtues in Public Relations Education
Read preview
Overview
Virtue Education, Echo Chambers, and Public Relations EducationThe rise of uncivil communication and polarizing dialogue via social media is a growing focus for scholars (Bacile et al., 2018; Kim & Hwang, 2018; Su et al., 2018; Theunissen, 2019)....
Textbook for Navigating Today's Journalism
Read preview
Overview
Textbook for Navigating Today's Journalism Lorrie Lynch, Exploring Journalism and the Media. Cengage, 2013.Teaching modern-day journalism is a difficult task. In the midst of of profound technological and sociological change, the media landscape continues...
Small Campus Depiction Is Spot On
Read preview
Overview
Small Campus Depiction is Spot On by Richard Russo, Straight Man. Random House, 2007.An attempted coup against a department chair, male professors running around with their female undergrads, faculty members jockeying to see who will be the next dean,...
Collaborative Journalism Project: Learning Hard and Soft Skills
Read preview
Overview
IntroductionDepending on the story, reporters either research and write stories on their own or in collaboration with other journalists from their publication or other media outlets (Dailey et. al, 2010). In journalism school, it is common for college...
Experimenting with Experiential Internships: Using Iteration and Feedback in Digital and Social Media
Read preview
Overview
As part of a five-year National Science Foundation-funded project at the University of New Mexico to recruit, retain and promote women and minority STEM faculty, a group of investigators is working to diversify STEM job candidate pools and prepare faculty...
Using Online Tutorials to Teach Podcasting
Read preview
Overview
Students enter the classroom with different levels of experience. Some have never used a particular software application and others are already certified. This makes it challenging to do technical training during class time and keep everyone engaged....
Vol. 9, No. 1, 2019
A Course with a Client: Real-World Publishing with Classroom Constraints
Read preview
Overview
IntroductionIt's a great feeling for an instructor to see students get their first professional bylines on a story or video that has migrated from course assignment to real-world media outlet. But it can be a challenge to meet the standards of either...
Attitudes toward News Content, News Practice and Journalism's Future
Read preview
Overview
Introduction: Journalists look at the futureThe things that journalism does right - or should do right - are proclaimed in textbooks, in news outlets' codes of practice and ethics, in journalism organizations' statements of purpose. Often unexplored,...
Embracing Public Relations Writing Techniques in the Classroom
Read preview
Overview
IntroductionPublic relations educators and practitioners agree that writing is an essential skill. As Kathleen Lewton said, referring to the 2017 Commission on Public Relations Education report, "There was universal agreement that writing is more important...
Understanding Communities in Student Newsrooms
Read preview
Overview
IntroductionCurricular models for college journalism programs vary greatly, from small programs with limited faculty support attached to communication programs and departments to independent journalism schools within a university. Debate persists about...
Coding Pedagogy
Read preview
Overview
Jeremy Sarachan, editor, "Coding Pedagogy," 2019. Available online http://codingpedagogy.net/index.htmlIf you've never written a line of code or you've dabbled in HTML and CSS or you're adept at Python, the online "Coding Pedagogy" still has something...
Generation Z Perceptions of Learning in a University Student-Run Agency
Read preview
Overview
Undergraduate students in advertising, public relations, and related mass communication fields can gain important knowledge and hands-on skills in a student-run agency. Student agencies have been in existence for more than forty years; their number is...
Make It a Double: Combining Research with Study Abroad
Read preview
Overview
The scene was perfect: a warm, Grecian sun, the turquoise waters of the Mediterranean lapping on the beach, the smell of fresh gyros. The only thing missing in that lunch break between sessions at the International Conference on Communication and Mass...
Mass Communication Andragogy for Teaching Online Adult Learners
Read preview
Overview
Adult learners, or those over the age of 25, account for 71 percent of all online higher education students (National Center for Education Statistics, 2017). Additionally, online college courses consist mostly of adult learners (Silva, 2018), who find...
Vol. 8, No. 2, 2018
Providing Autonomy and Choice to Engage Students in a Journalism History Project
Read preview
Overview
IntroductionTeachers must continually work to develop lessons that are interesting for students, to enhance motivation and active learning (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Patall, Cooper, and Wynn (2010) suggested that students who were given a choice of homework...
Five Tools for Teaching Your First Online Course
Read preview
Overview
Introduction: Preparing For My First Fully Online CourseMedical Advertising was an online topics course that I co-taught at Virginia Commonwealth University where students learned the pros and cons of marketing medical products and services to consumers....
Online Pedagogy: Navigating Perceptions and Practices to Develop Learning Communities
Read preview
Overview
Online education is one of the shaping factors that will determine the future of higher education. In a time where enrollment in on-campus programs has dropped, online or distance education has increased for the fourteenth year in a row (Seaman, Allen,...
A Qualitative Look at Journalism Programs in Flux: The Role of Faculty in the Movement toward a Digital Curriculum
Read preview
Overview
As professional journalism begins to fully embrace digital tools, there has been a delayed response in some higher education journalism programs to such a momentous shift in how news is collected, crafted, distributed, and consumed (Dennis et al., 2003)....
Reflections on Teaching at a Nigerian Private University
Read preview
Overview
Officially I was classified as an expat on the campus of the American University of Nigeria, a 15-year-old private university in Adamawa state, in northeast Nigeria. 'ftiat classification reminded me of the depth of my foreignness-regardless of how perfunctory...
Newsroom vs. Classroom – Some Major Misconceptions
Read preview
Overview
A few jaws dropped, some eyebrows went up and at least one smile turned into a frown. This was the classroom response as I answered a student's question: What was your first job in journalism?Students were taken a bit aback at my tale of working 11 p.m....
Helping Public Relations Students Develop Active Listening Skills: A Pilot Study
Read preview
Overview
The Global Alliance for Public Relations and Communication Management identified listening as one of the top priorities for the profession. Subsequently, the largest global study of communication leadership to date found that public relations leaders...
Communicating Hunger
Read preview
Overview
IntroductionWhen undergraduate students from predominantly white, upper-middle class families learn that 25% of the population of their university's community is food insecure they conjure images of homeless people in soup kitchens. In truth, food-vulnerable...
Practice Makes Perfect? A Longitudinal Study of Experiential Learning in Sports Journalism
Read preview
Overview
The University of Missouri-Columbia opened the first journalism school in 1908. But the education of sports journalists - specifically sports journalists - did not come until much later. It wasn't until 1996 that Ashland University in Ohio began offering...
Restaurant Reviews and College Writing: A Framework for Teaching
Read preview
Overview
IntroductionRestaurant reviews offer journalism and mass communication students a rich opportunity to learn journalist values of fairness, thoroughness, and precision, as well as create and affirm "culinary capital," an extension of Bourdieuian theory...
"Using Their Own Voice": Learning to Tell Stories with Instagram
Read preview
Overview
IntroductionInstagram probably conjures thoughts of overly filtered selfies or copious snapshots of plate after plate of dishes from trendy restaurants. That is exactly how Instagram's more than 600 million members use the social media platform on a...
Vol. 8, No. 1, 2018
The American Journalist in the Digital Age
Read preview
Overview
Evidence of political objectivity among journalists Lars Willnat, David Weaver, and Cleve Wilhoit, The American Journalist in the Digital Age. Peter Lang Publishing, 2018, 443 pages, hardcover, $94.95. 978-1-4331-2828-8This book is indisputably the foremost...
How Student Journalists Report Campus Unrest
Read preview
Overview
Dilemmas faced by student newspapers Kaylene Dial Armstrong, How Student Journalists Report Campus Unrest. Lexington Books, 2017, 216 pages, hardcover, $95.00. 978-1-4985-4115-2Although student newspapers have evolved in terms of content, design, delivery...
Infusing Diversity Content across the Curriculum
Read preview
Overview
IntroductionThe purpose of this research is to seek an understanding of practices and ideas utilized in incorporating diversity content across undergraduate curricula in journalism and communication teaching, especially in non-diversity courses. Interviews...
Using Oral History as a Newsgathering and Storytelling Technique
Read preview
Overview
IntroductionMultimedia storytelling has transformed news organizations and journalism classrooms in recent years. While this approach is popular, alternative ways of telling and sharing stories with audiences are being explored and adopted. One approach...
Videos Not the Magic Bullet for Online Teaching
Read preview
Overview
The number of online courses and online degrees is exploding across the country. There has been a steady increase over the past 15 years in courses, as well as the number of students enrolled, according to the most recent 2017 Allen & Seaman report....
Teaching Crisis Communication Online without Losing the Interactivity
Read preview
Overview
Setting up the courseCrisis communication teaches students techniques for dealing with sudden and unexpected situations that have a negative impact on organizations and their images to key constituencies. Through the course, students are provided with...
Integrating Class into the Journalism and Mass Communication Curriculum
Read preview
Overview
But while there has been increased attention to ethnic and gender diversity in the media in recent years, both in representation and employment, these discussions tend to overlook economic class - taking the neglect of workers' lives and perspectives...
The Stranger Teaching My Class
Read preview
Overview
In my second news photography class at Eastern Illinois University (Photojournalism - JOU 3001) I make extensive use of guest speakers. However, my most impactful speaker is an award-winning photographer whom my students will most likely never meet.My...
Using Video Tutorials to Augment Online Teaching
Read preview
Overview
The videosWe teach an introductory course called Digital Media Skills, which helps prepare journalism students for upper level multimedia courses, and serves as a university technology requirement for other students. We've developed a catalog of video...
Wearable Technologies and Journalism Ethics: Students' Perceptions of Google Glass
Read preview
Overview
Reporting tools frequently change in print and broadcast newsrooms. Students who are preparing to work in this fluctuating environment must be excellent writers and possess multiple technological skillsets (George-Palilonis, 2013; Powers & Incollingo,...
Vol. 7, No. 2, 2017
Messaging Strategies in Presidential Commencement Speeches 1980 - 2016: A Content Analysis
Read preview
Overview
IntroductionThe presidential commencement speech provides an opportunity for the graduates of an institution and their families to hear from the commander-in-chief in person, which is an opportunity not frequently available to average Americans. At the...
Using the Beat System to Connect Students to Journalism
Read preview
Overview
At the World Journalism Education Congress 2016, Katherine Reed of Missouri Journalism School presented a metaphor shift that solidified this need into a growing paradigm of practice. She pointed out the flaws in the ubiquitous "teaching hospital" model...
A Roadmap for Teaching Social Media
Read preview
Overview
Karen J. Freberg, A Roadmap for Teaching Social Media: All the Assignments, Rubrics and Feedback You'll Need to Present a Strategic Social Media Course! Available for $9.95 via Amazon.A Roadmap for Teaching Social Media is a comprehensive resource for...
Beyond the Inverted Pyramid: Teaching the Writing and All-Formats Coverage of Planned and Unplanned Breaking News
Read preview
Overview
IntroductionThe primary role of a journalist in society has long been to get out the truth to the audience, the most pertinent facts of what is happening in the world. Scholars have noted how the additional criteria of objectivity first arose in the...
One Nation after Trump
Read preview
Overview
Dionne, E.J., Ornstein, N., and Mann, T (2017) One Nation After Trump: A Guide for the Perplexed, the Disillusion, the Desperate, and the Not-yet Deported. St. Martin's Press, New York. https://us.macmillan. com/books/9781250164056One Nation After Trump...
The JMC Introductory Classroom with and without Miley Cyrus: An Experiment in Undergraduate Media Research
Read preview
Overview
After a long professional journalism career, this author's teaching career began with a broad overview class intended mostly for journalism and mass communication majors, named Media Issues, which was undertaken armed with a copy of John Vivian's The...
Is Coaching Enough? Feedback Approaches to JMC Writing Instruction
Read preview
Overview
Feedback is an important strategy of JMC writing instruction and coaching is one approach for providing feedback. This paper focuses on feedback through the lens of the coaching approach. Coaching has been accepted as a process-oriented feedback strategy...
Content Marketing: Ideas for Programming to Meet Industry Demand
Read preview
Overview
According to Haeusennann (2013), who studied contracted companies producing branded content, content marketing utilizes "the writing standards of conventional journalistic products" but the "content is designed on behalf of an organization with an aim...
Thinking Inside the Box: A Simple Sidebar Helps Students Expand Reporting Skills
Read preview
Overview
Trust in the media is eroding. Only 22 percent of Americans heavily trust the information they receive from local news organizations (Mitchell, Gottfried, Barthel, & Shearer 2016). The numbers are worse for the national media, with only 18 percent...
Millennial Learners: Perceptions and Expectations of Out-of-Class Communication
Read preview
Overview
IntroductionMillennial learners have grown up in a world drastically different from the faculty who teach their courses (Gerhardt, 2014). The students graduating from universities around the country between 2018-2020 have grown up in a world of connection,...
'Taking the J out of the J-School': Motivations and Processes of Program Name Changes
Read preview
Overview
In 1992, when the Manship School of Journalism at Louisiana State University changed its name to the Manship School of Mass Communication to better reflect its course offerings (LSU, 2013), it was among the first to reject its "journalism" moniker. At...
Vol. 7, No. 1, 2017
Twitter-Vism: Student Narratives and Perceptions of Learning from an Undergraduate Research Experience on Twitter Activism
Read preview
Overview
Finding an interesting and manageable way to incorporate undergraduate research into a one-hour first-year seminar led two professors to Twitter. They wanted an entry-level project that first-year students could use as a foray to larger future undergraduate...
Out-of-Class Communication and Personal Learning Environments Via Social Media: Students' Perceptions and Implications for Faculty Social Media Use
Read preview
Overview
Social media has been a growing influence in colleges and universities throughout the past decade (Amador & Amador, 2014; Junco, 2012; Hung & Yuen, 2010). From exploring social media's use as an educational tool within the classroom (Junco, Heibergert,...
Collaborating across Boundaries to Engage Journalism Students in Computational Thinking
Read preview
Overview
The push to enhance journalism students' computing skills presents a welter of curricular and pedagogical challenges and opportunities. While growing attention and debate has been devoted to the teaching of particular skills such as scripting and programming,...
A Snapshot of Social Media Storytelling Apps: How One Class Covered a Typical News Event through Social Channels
Read preview
Overview
When I started reporting in the early 1990s, my reporter's toolkit consisted of a reporter's notebook, several ink pens of various colors, two highlighting pens, a point-and-shoot camera and maybe a microcassette recorder. Reporters scribbled notes furiously...
Cultivating Honest Hearts and Knowing Heads: An Experiential Learning Project to Increase Campus-Wide Levels of Trust and Responsibility through a StudentLed Campaign
Read preview
Overview
Scholarship of Application, Winter 2017Recent headlines about the Harvard cheating scandal and articles chronicling the rise in cheating culture and increase in academic violations over the past 30 years (McCabe, Treviño, & Butterfield, 2001) have...
How to Write Visually
Read preview
Overview
Scholarship of Application, Winter 2017In his book Photojournalism: The Professional's Approach, author Kenneth Kobre describes and defines strategies for making great journalistic photographs based on a hierarchy developed by Joe Elbert, the veteran...
Using Vine Videos to Teach Montage Theory in the Media Communication Classroom
Read preview
Overview
Scholarship of Application, Winter 2017OverviewThis media communication activity teaches undergraduates about Eisenstein's montage theory while building basic video composition skills. Students work on a time-based video recording activity that provides...
What Is Taught about Diversity and How Is It Taught? A 2015 Update of Diversity Teaching at U.S. Journalism and Mass Communication Programs
Read preview
Overview
INTRODUCTIONThe role of diversity in U.S. media-and, indeed in higher education-has gained increasing prominence in the past few decades. More and more, both the media and journalism/mass communication programs have recognized the need for attention...
Byte-Sized Learning: A Review of Video Tutorial Engagement in a Digital Media Skills Course
Read preview
Overview
INTRODUCTIONMany educators have turned to video tutorials to help students learn material. The technology allows for distance learning, which has become more prevalent with the emergence of "Massive Online Open Courses," or MOOCs (Guo, Kim, & Rubin,...
Exploring the Use of Personalized Learning Plans in the Journalism Capstone Environment
Read preview
Overview
INTRODUCTIONDesigning new courses can be both a daunting and invigorating endeavor. This study has its roots in one such course-a fourth-year capstone entitled Online Editorial Board in which fifteen senior students assumed editorial roles associated...
ACEJMC Assessment in a Smaller Program: Addressing Statistical Learning in a Mass Communication Research Course
Read preview
Overview
Much attention has been devoted towards improving the quality of education that a student receives, particularly with respect to those competencies and skills that are widely accepted as essential to a successful career. Regardless of the student's career...
Vol. 6, No. 1, Winter
Big Dreams-Small Programs: Using Innovation to Deliver High-Quality Public Relations Education with Limited Resources
Read preview
Overview
Teaching* <http://aejmc.us/spig/category/teachplus/>, Winter 20'\Q<http://aejmc.us/spig/category/winter-2016/>Universities and colleges nationwide are working aggressively to help students prepare for the growing and changing demands of the...
Developing a Converged Journalism Capstone: Providing a Sustained Multimedia Publishing Experience across Disciplines
Read preview
Overview
Teaching+<http://aejmc.us/spig/category/teachplus/>, Winter 2016<http://aejmc.us/spig/category/winter-2016/>RationaleThe development of the Drake University converged journalism capstone began long before the first section was taught. The...
Opening Storytelling Up: Pushing Students to Go beyond Traditional Storytelling Forms
Read preview
Overview
Teaching* <http://aejmc.us/spig/category/teachplus/>, Winter 20'\Q<http://aejmc.us/spig/category/winter-2016/>Introduction and RationaleStudents love specifics. They want to know exactly how their grade will be determined and what to do to...
"It Throws You into the Ring": Learning from Live-Tweeting
Read preview
Overview
Twitter BackgroundTwitter marked its 9th anniversary in 2015. The service has more than 288 million active users who send more than 400 million messages a day (Isaac, 2015). Developed in 2006, founders Jack Dorsey, Evan Williams, and Biz Stone created...
Multimedia Journalism Professors on an Island: Resources, Support Lacking at Small Programs
Read preview
Overview
Journalism educators no longer seriously debate the merits of offering undergraduate courses in online, convergence, or multimedia journalism.1 News has moved online, prompting changes in readership habits and the journalism workforce. Nearly three-fourths...
Vol. 5, No. 1, 2015
Applying a Social Network Perspective to Public Relations Pedagogy: Examining the Relationships That Will Build the Profession
Read preview
Overview
Many academics can recall relationships with instructors, classmates, and professionals who were influential in their education and learning. Dewey (1938) wrote that learning is facilitated by the interactions one has through relationships. Sandler and...
Developing and Assessing Experiential Learning Opportunities
Read preview
Overview
INTRODUCTIONExperiential learning has always been an important aspect of a university education. On the most basic level, the experience of "going to college" provides learning in the form of being on one's own for the first time, making friends, and...
Mobile Journalism 101: Teaching Students to Use Mobile Devices to Produce News Content
Read preview
Overview
INTRODUCTIONMobile devices such as smartphones and media tablets present significant technical innovations to the news industry. The technology offers users the ability to consume as well as produce news. Mobile devices are powerful reporting tools that...
Big Tweets on Campus: College Newspapers' Use of Twitter
Read preview
Overview
In a time when mainstream newspapers deal with declining circulation, university newspapers across the country appear to be weathering the storm. One study found that 60% of students have read their college newspapers, and 88% of those readers picked...
Social Media Internships: A Case Study of a Student-Run Social Media Institute
Read preview
Overview
In 2012, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics estimated an increase of 12% for public relations specialist jobs over the next 10 years, with social media driving the growth. Students in communication programs may receive some knowledge and skills related...
Building an International Journalism Course on StudentCentered Experiences
Read preview
Overview
Introduction and RationaleThere has been a significant and continual decline in foreign news reporting among America's news media during the past few decades (Kumar, 2011). That coincides with a decline in interest among the American public in foreign...
Vol. 5, No. 1, Summer
More Than Writing and Reporting: Examining the Overall Media Literacy of Today's Journalism Students
Read preview
Overview
Adapting to the modern digital media landscape has not been easy for the field of journalism and the nearly 100,000 people employed by a news organization in the United States (Cohen, 2001; Doctor, 2010). Between 1991 and 2012, daily TV news viewership...
Pedagogical Approaches to Student-Run PR Firms Using Service Learning: A Case Study
Read preview
Overview
The landscape of higher education is rapidly changing. Faculty face growing numbers of students in courses and increased teaching loads, in conjunction with reduced budgets and fewer resources (Kelderman, 2008; Swanson, 2011; Rampell, 2010). Faculty...
Teaching Transparency: A One-State Case Study of Sunshine Laws and the Journalism Curriculum
Read preview
Overview
IntroductionThe application of sunshine laws (also called open government or transparency laws) is extremely important for the journalist, who must practice the intellectual discipline of verification by gathering public information to write stories...
An Intro Class Launches an Impromptu 'Pause' Campaign, Learns Social Media Evaluation and Campaign Process
Read preview
Overview
When students in my Intro to Mass Communication course showed an interest in "doing" something about their generation's dependence on technology, I thought we better seize the day. As part of the class, they read Neil Postman's Amusing Ourselves to Death,...
Vol. 4, No. 2, Fall
Integrating Legal Theory and Technique in the Reporting Class Curriculum
Read preview
Overview
Abstract: Like journalists, lawyers deal in facts. Both professions require the ability to transform complex fact patterns into compelling narratives to engage an audience. While the legal community in recent years has embraced storytelling techniques...
Using Short-Form Video in the Multimedia Journalism Classroom
Read preview
Overview
Fall 2014<http://aejmc.us/spig/category/fall-2014/>, Teaching*<http://aejmc.us/spig/category/teachplus/>More adults are watching news video, and at the same time online attention spans are shrinking. It's no wonder several major news outlets...
Developing Collaborative Simulations to Benefit Multiple Classes
Read preview
Overview
Abstract: This article describes the process used to develop a collaborative simulation for college students taking advancedlevel courses in public relations (PR) and journalism. PR students organized a news conference to convey information to "the media"...
Dismantling the Crisis of Journalism: Outline of an Analytical Approach
Read preview
Overview
Today, the word "crisis" is prominently used to address changes in journalism, the media, economy, and society. However, due to a dispersed and diluted use of the term, a differentiated analysis of the concept is required, particularly for journalism...
Your Brand, Their Product: A Critical Look at Teaching Personal Branding in Journalism Education
Read preview
Overview
Every semester, I introduce students in my Introduction to Media Writing course to the concept of "personal branding." This is the first course that my department's likely majors take, and we discuss the current media job market and the need to be able...
What's the Plan? Teaching Digital Storytelling as a Project Process
Read preview
Overview
Introduction: Multimedia Story Creation"We need to better prepare our Communication students for their capstone course in the major.''These words, spoken by my department chairperson and colleague, acknowledged a gap in our convergence curriculum at...
Vol. 4, No. 1, Winter
Undergraduate Transformations: Reported Observations from Advisers at U.S. Student-Run Public Relations Firms
Read preview
Overview
Advisers from almost half of the student-run public relations firms in the United States provide insight into transformations that occur for undergraduates working at the firms. Literature on service learning, internships, campaigns courses, problem-based...
Coping with Smart Phone 'Distractions' in a College Classroom
Read preview
Overview
The influx of smart phones in most college classroom is impacting instruction in a way that was never anticipated. Thus, a survey of full-time faculty members at a local university in the United States was conducted to test three hypotheses, followed...
Vol. 2, No. 1, Spring
Applying Dialogic Public Relations Theory to Public Relations Education
Read preview
Overview
This article compares and contrasts theories of dialogic pedagogy with Kent and Taylor's (2002) dialogic public relations model. Several possible explanations are offered to explain the lack of research on dialogic pedagogy among PR scholars and educators....
Encouraging Students to Be Readers: Survey Results of Successful Practices
Read preview
Overview
Motivating students to complete reading assignments is a problem documented across disciplines. Journalism and mass communication are no exception. This study used a Web-based survey to ask International Association for Literary Journalism Studies (IALJS)...
Twitter's Effects on Student Learning and Social Presence Perceptions
Read preview
Overview
Social presence, the concept that individuals have a sense of others as "real people" in mediated communication, is a pivotal concept in online interaction and learning. Social presence theory suggests that social media tools, such as Twitter, should...