Psychiatry Journal

1. Introduction 1.1. Statement of the Problem. Epilepsy is a neurologic disorder characterized by recurrent abnormal, excessive, and hypersynchronous discharge of neurons and clinically expressed as the recurrent seizure of various forms [1]. Globally,...

1. Introduction Mass psychogenic illness (MPI) or mass hysteria is not a rare phenomenon around all corners of the world. It has been defined as a group of physical signs and symptoms that suggest the presence of organic illness, but without any clinical...

1. Background Schizophrenia is a severe and chronic mental disorder characterized by a group of symptoms that include distortions of thinking and perception, cognition and psychomotor abnormalities, avolition, and apathy as well as emotional and communication...

1. Introduction Depression is one of the major mental health problems categorized under mood disorders and characterized by persistent experience of a depressed mood and loss of interest [1] and accompanied by symptoms like change in appetite, disrupted...

1. Introduction Stigma is "a mark of shame, disgrace or disapproval which results in an individual being rejected, discriminated against, and excluded from participating in a number of different areas of society" [1]. Stigma comprises problems of knowledge,...

1. Background Affective and psychotic disorders affect both men and women equally with a prevalence rate ranging between 1 and 3% in the general population [1]. These disorders can be triggered by traumatic events and are commonly reported among people...

1. Background Catatonia is a neuropsychiatry syndrome that is still poorly understood. Catatonia was first described by Kahlbaum as a state of psychomotor immobility and behavioral abnormality manifested by stupor, mutism, negativism, stereotypies, catalepsy,...

1. Introduction Globally, mental illness causes tremendous morbidity, mortality, and impairment. It is estimated that mental illness and other psychological disorders account for about 10% of the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) [1]. The majority...

1. Introduction Stress is our body's response to pressures from a situation or life event called a "stressor" [1]. Academic stress is an unpleasant feeling of tension and anticipated frustration secondary to academic-related demands and expectations...

1. Introduction According to a 2019 World Health Organization report, the current prevalence of mental illness in the adult population is 22.1%, and from this, more than half accounts for mood disorder (bipolar and depression) which is a recurrent chronic...

1. Introduction Diabetes (DM) represents a challenging set of biopsychosocial conditions affecting both the patients and their families. Therefore, the patients are advised to use medications and adopt multiple self-care behaviors to achieve glycemic...

1. Background Khat is an evergreen shrub cultivated as a bush or small tree native to Ethiopia, East Africa, and the southern Arabian Peninsula [1]. Its young buds and tender leaves contain amphetamine-like psychoactive substances, which produce euphoria...

1. Introduction Diet and nutrition have got tremendous impact in preventing disease and reducing the morbidity and mortality of many diseases. The nutritional status of individuals is an essential factor affecting mental health and the development of...

1. Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) and depression are major global public health problems, and the prevalence rates of both conditions are increasing rapidly [1, 2]. It was estimated that in 2019, there are about 463 million patients with DM worldwide,...

1. Background Postpartum depression (PPD) is a mood disorder to describe the various disorders such as anxiety, loss of enjoyment, sadness, and fatigue which may have serious adverse long-term effects on both the children and mothers [1]. It is common...

1. Introduction Satisfaction is something that fulfills expectation and desire and giving what is required [1]. In health care, satisfaction is multidimensional, which is not tightly defined, and in addition, it is an attitudinal response that is very...

1. Introduction As a result of rapid technological development in recent years, a range of functional imaging techniques are now available for the assessment of in vivo human brain function. Positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission...

1. Introduction Until recently, two main types of Alcohol-related problems, namely alcohol "abuse" and "dependence," had been recognized by the ICD-10 and DSM-IV. As there has been evidence that those two types of alcohol-related problems lie on the...

1. Introduction Postpartum depression is a very common problem, which occurs in women of childbearing age within 6 weeks of childbirth, but is often unrecognized or undiagnosed and a significant public health burden [1]. Risk factors for postpartum depression...

1. Background Common mental disorder (CMD) is a gross name of physical, mental, and social disturbances used to describe a range of symptoms like depression, anxiety, or somatic manifestations which can result long term effect on human life [1, 2]. In...

1. Background Insight in mental health is the degree of the patient's awareness and understanding of their attributions, feelings, behavior and disturbing symptoms; self-understanding as well as the potential causes of psychiatric presentation [1]. Insight...

1. Introduction Violence is defined as being destructive towards another person. It is expressed as physical assault, homicide, verbal abuse, bullying, sexual harassment, and mental stress [1-4]. Globally, violence is recognized as a major public health...

1. Introduction Depression is the most common mental health condition in the general population [1], characterized by sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, feelings of tiredness, and...

1. Introduction The transition from adolescence to adult hood is characterized by sharp boundaries. It is a challenging time with regard to psychosocial development [1, 2] Physiological changes during adolescence may explain young peoples' motivation...

1. Introduction Due to the emerging global changes in social, economic, political, and climatic conditions, food insecurity (FI) is becoming a focus of public health and political attention in low and middle income countries, particularly in sub Saharan...

1. Introduction In the United States (U.S.), divorce rates have steadily increased from the 1950s through the 1970s, reaching a peak in 1981 [1]. Though divorce rates have since declined, marital disruption impacts an estimated 40-50% of married couples...

1. Introduction Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSD) include a group of persistent, unrelenting, debilitating psychotic illnesses that cause significant impairment in educational, occupational, and psychosocial functioning of sufferers. The clinical...

1. Introduction Vitamin D deficiency is traditionally associated with musculoskeletal consequences [1]. In recent years vitamin D has been associated with psychiatric disorders [2]. Vitamin D is primarily produced by skin exposure to ultraviolet B sunlight...

1. Background Clinicians and healthcare manager's perception agreed that improving quality of care is getting main concern and persistent challenge [1]. Hence, patient satisfaction is usually used as an indicator for measuring the quality of healthcare....

1. Introduction Stigma refers to attitudes and beliefs that lead people to reject, avoid, or fear those they perceive as being different [1]. Perceived stigma is fear of being discriminated against or the fear of enacted stigma and arises from society's...

1. Introduction Schizophrenia, defined as a disorder, is characterised by symptoms that distort or in part block some basic functions of the human mind, such as outer and inner perception and memory. In that respect schizophrenia is a disorder that hampers...

1. Background Suicide is a fatal act of terminating one's own life. It is a complex process that involves a series of pathways and mechanisms from initiation of ideation to finally attempting suicide [1]. Some plan for days, weeks, or even years before...

1. Introduction Social anxiety disorder (SAD), also called social phobia, is an anxiety disorder characterized by a marked fear or anxiety of social situations, including meeting people, talking in meetings or groups, starting conversations, eating while...

1. Introduction HIV has emerged as a major threat to world health since the start of the epidemic and has challenged scientists and clinicians to combat its vast and devastating effects that led to the death of 1.5 million people from acquired immunodeficiency...

1. Introduction Female sexual function consists of the domains of desire, libido, arousal, pain/discomfort, and orgasms [1, 2]. Impairment in any of these domains can prevent the sexual pleasure experienced by couples [3]. According to the International...

1. Introduction People living with mental illness (PLWMI) are facing double problems: their illness and the stigma. Stigma is perceived because most Ethiopian societies believed that mental illness is a punishment by God and linked with evil possession...

1. Introduction It is estimated by some recent studies that the current prevalence of smoking in Iran is 12.5% of the adult population (23.4% males and 1.4% females; burden: 6.1 million) [1]. People with mental illnesses have a higher rate of smoking;...

1. Background Caregivers are people who take care of others, often parents, spouse, or children with special medical needs or disability and they play an important role in the management of patients with epilepsy [1-3]. Caregiving is a broad responsibility,...

1. Introduction The cultural formulation of psychiatric disorders is important in many different ways, including the prevention of misdiagnoses as discussed by Adeponle and elsewhere [1, 2], obtaining crucial clinical information [3-5], improving...

1. Introduction Maternal depression, occurring either postpartum or later in life, has been shown to be associated with many adverse health outcomes among the offspring. Early reviews revealed some 40-45% of children of parents with affective disorders...

1. Introduction Mental illness (MI) refers to mental and emotional impairments; it also comprises mental retardation, organic brain disease, and learning disabilities [1]. It can occur to any person without regard to personal characteristics. Globally,...

1. Introduction Adolescence is the period of age ranging from 10 to 19 years, is one of the critical transitions in the lifespan that occurs after childhood and before adulthood, and is characterized by a tremendous pace in growth and change that...

1. Introduction Alcohol use is a major contributor to disease, injury, and mortality [1]. However, alcohol use changes with age [2]. Some studies have reported remission rates of 40-60%, especially among high functioning alcoholics who were followed...

1. Introduction Depression is a disorder that is defined by certain emotional, behavioral, and thought patterns. Adolescent depression is leveled as depressed mood, depressive syndrome, and clinical depression. Depressed mood is sadness at various...

1. Background Panic disorder is associated with substantial reductions in social functions and lifetime prevalence rates are approximately 3% [1]. Generally, panic disorder has broad dimensions of psychopathology. Fifty to eighty percent of patients...

1. Introduction Substance-related disorders (SRDs), comprised of substance use disorders (SUDs) and substance-induced disorders (SIDs), are disorders of intoxication, dependence, abuse, and substance withdrawal caused by various substances, both...

1. Background Mental disorder impose an enormous disease burden almost everywhere across the world [1]. It is one of the greatest challenges that the current and future generations will face [2]. Depression is the most common and severe but treatable...

1. Introduction Mental disorders among children in the U.S. are important public health concerns because of relatively high prevalence, early onset, and socioeconomic impacts [1]. According to previous surveillance reports, 13-20% of children below...

1. Background University students are always exposed to psychosocial stressors throughout teaching years of a personal square showing emotionally and intellectually a lot of sternness nearly compared to the other stage of education. At this stage,...

1. Introduction Depression is a common mental disorder that presents with depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, decreased energy, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, and poor concentration [1-3]. Depression...

1. Background Cannabis use disorder is a problematic pattern of cannabis use which leads to impaired control over cannabis use and difficulty in ceasing use despite its harm [1]. Drug abuse is a global phenomenon affecting almost every country,...

1. Introduction Depression or depressive disorders are mental illnesses characterized by a profound and persistent feeling of sadness or despair and/or a loss of interest in things [1]. Everyone experiences feelings of unhappiness and sadness occasionally,...

1. Introduction Childhood is a pivotal period for a child's overall development [1]. The survival and development of a child's optimal potential are disrupted if the family environment is jeopardized due to illness or death of the parents or guardians...

1. Introduction Worldwide, 80% of college students have stress after exam, papers, problem sets, and other assignments [1]. Stress is considered to be a physiological reaction of an organism where diverse defense mechanism comes into play in order...

1. Introduction Affective disorders (most commonly depressive and anxiety disorders) are among the most prevalent disorders seen in medical practice [1]. Depression, currently the 4th leading cause of global disease burden (GBD), is projected to...

1. Background Suicide (from Latin Sui caedere to kill oneself or self-murder) means the act of a person intentionally causing his or her own death. It is death from injury, poisoning, or suffocation where there is evidence (either explicit or implicit)...

1. Introduction Depression is a common, treatable mood disorder. About 6% of women, including up to 10% of women who are pregnant, will experience depression at some time during their lives. Women are more at risk of depression while they are pregnant,...

1. Introduction Over the past decade, there has been a steady increase in the proportion of women joining the labour force and at present Nepal has the third highest women labour force in the world [1]. While this participation of women in paid...

1. Introduction Depression is a mental disorder characterized by feelings of depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, and loss of energy that lasts for 2 weeks or more [1]. Everybody experiences mood changes daily. But when the...

1. Introduction Mental disorders account for a growing proportion of the worldwide burden of diseases. In 2013, mental disorders accounted for 14% of the worldwide burden of diseases, a 2% rise in prevalence over a period of a decade [1]. In Ghana,...

1. Background Globally, every year around 800,000 to a million people die due to suicide [1]. Suicide is the 10th leading cause of death worldwide and third leading cause of death among those aged 15-44 years. It represented 1.8% of global burden...

1. Introduction Suicide is a neglected preventable public health problem across the globe and Bangladesh is not an exception [1]. About one million people die each year by suicide over the world with a global mortality rate of 16 per 100,000 and...

1. Introduction Incidence rate of suicide attempt in Iran is estimated 91.65 per 100000 (82.2 in men and 115.79 in women) and it is more common in the 15-24 age group [1]. A common method for suicide attempt in both developed and developing countries...

1. Introduction The effects of psychotherapy from a clinical perspective are growing in evidence base, particularly given the desire within the scientific community to translate concepts which many times are subjective and abstract into demonstrable...

1. Introduction DSM-V defines social phobia as marked or intense fear or anxiety of social situations in which the individual may be scrutinized by others and this situation interferes significantly with routines, occupational (academic) functioning,...

1. Introduction Major Depression (MD) is the most common mental health problem in the world. Life time prevalence of 16.2% million among adults has been reported in United States [1]. The scale of global impact of mental illness is substantial,...

1. Introduction The clinical features of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) were first described in 1984 in the classic study by Rosenthal et al. [1]. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) [2], depression with a seasonal...

1. Background According to world health organization, psycho active substance is any chemical substance which alters physical and/or mental function. Substance abuse is also defined by DSM-V as use of any drug, usually by self-administration, in...

1. Introduction The prevalence of multimorbidity, the coexisting of two or more chronic illnesses in the same individual has grown in the United States (US) [1]. In 2012, one in four civilian, noninstitutionalized US adults had multimorbidity [2]....

1. Introduction Dyslipidaemia and lipid metabolism have attracted attention of researchers in recent times. For patients with mental disorders, the observation that the disease itself and its treatment may be associated with metabolic problems adds...

1. Introduction World Health Organization (WHO) defines sexual health as "a state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being in relationship to sexuality; it is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction, or infirmity [1-3]." Positive...

1. Background Depression is a common mental disorder characterized by depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, feeling of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt, disturbed sleep and appetite, feeling of tiredness, and poor concentration for a...

1. Introduction Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a severely debilitating psychiatric disorder characterized by the relentless pursuit of thinness, leading to severe emaciation. It is associated with low rates of recovery [1] and has the highest mortality...

1. Introduction Constipation is a prevalent symptom in the psychiatric population, with a reported two-year period prevalence of 36.3% in schizophrenic patients [1] and 57.7% in depressive patients [2]. In addition, an incidence rate of 15 per 100...

1. Introduction Mass psychogenic illness (MPI) is a not a very rare phenomenon anymore. It is probably more common than the reported incidences and imposes a significant financial burden and unexpected management difficulties for the emergency department...

1. Introduction Common mental disorders (CMDs) are a group of nonspecific symptoms, without any clinical classification relating to psychosocial, occupational, and social context factors. The name CMD encompasses nonpsychotic symptoms, characterized...

1. Background Depression, as a disease, is usual in cancer patients. However, only restricted evidence is available for Asian communities [1]. There have been remarkable progressions in biomedical care for cancer which have not been complemented...

1. Introduction Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the first-line drug treatment of depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Monotherapy with this class is often recommended for patients primarily diagnosed with these...

1. Introduction This paper discusses a study of sexuality in Bipolar outpatients treated in private practice in comparison to outpatients without affective disorder or schizophrenia. The evidence that sexuality is often increased in adults with...

1. Introduction Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness with a serious impact on the lives of patients and their families. Treatment with antipsychotic drugs has been the main part of treatment and management of psychotic patients globally [1]....

1. Background Mental and behavioral problem exist in all countries, in women and men at all stages of life, among the poor and rich and among rural and urban people. As many as 450 million people worldwide are estimated to be suffering at any given...

1. Introduction Attention deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by persistent inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity [1]. The disorder negatively impacts social, academic, or occupational functioning....

1. Background Mental health problems account for 13% of the total burden of disease [1, 2]. Malnutrition and major depressive disorder are common health problems [3, 4]. According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimate, major depressive disorder...

"The comparability of measurements made in differing circumstances by different methods and investigators is a fundamental precondition for all of science" Dorans and Holland (2000) 1. Introduction The development of psychometric tools to...

1. Introduction Along with accessibility to services, appropriateness of treatment, and perception of care, outcome is an important quality indicator in mental health care [1]. A widely used approach to assess outcome quality is measuring symptom...

1. Background Depression is a serious mental health disease and generally characterized by sadness, loss of interest in activities, and decreased energy [1]. Evidence suggests that the onset of major depression predominantly manifests during adolescence...

1. Introduction Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a relatively common disorder with a lifetime prevalence of 1-3% in children and adolescents, characterised by persistent and unwanted intrusive thoughts, images, and urges (obsessions) and repetitive...

1. Introduction The patient-doctor relationship (PDR) is an important concept in health care [1]. Throughout the history of medicine, patients and doctors have scrutinized and debated their relationship, which is undoubtedly one of the most difficult...

1. Introduction In 2008, the WHO reported mental illnesses as the leading cause of disability in the US and Canada [1]. The incidence of mental illness among Canadians has been estimated at approximately 18.6% per year and has been shown to affect...